In the classification of social groups, a broad distinction and fundamental is the distinction between small groups where the relationship between its members once a meeting on the one hand, the view yamg groups on the other hand greater. Charles Horton Cooley suggested the difference between primary and secondary groups are written in the social organization in 1909. according to Cooley, primary groups are the groups marked characteristic of the members may know, angotanya and cooperation that are closely pribadi.dari what dikemukakam Cooley, two important things, namely first that he intended to refer to a class consisting of groups such as the concrete family, sepermainan groups, neighborhood association and others. The second is to know one another term in which Cooley particular emphasis on the nature of relationships between individuals such as spontaneous sympathy and cooperation. Primary groups are small groups rather durable (permanent) and based on known personally know the fellow members. In order to get a clear picture of Cooley's theory, then it will be discussed mainly the following:
a. the physical conditions of the primary
b. nature of primary relationships
c. groups of concrete and primary relationships
A. Cooley hubngan concept of know each other, not enough to explain the essential requirements for the existence of a primary group. The requirements are very important is first that the group members are physically close to each other, secondly that these groups are small and the third is the existence of an enduring relationship between the group members. In order to place an intimate relationship, the individuals concerned inevitably have to physically know each other. Talk to each other and see each other is the main channel for the exchange of ideas, ideals and feelings.
B. One of the main characteristics of primary relationships, is the common goal of individuals who joined in the group of tadi.satu common goal was a relationship between these individuals. So the relationship is not one main goal. This means that the relationship is independent of the elements of contract, economic, political, and labor relations. Relationship is personal, spontaneous, sentimental and inclusive.
C. In fact, no primary group perfectly meet the above requirements. These requirements are extreme measures to hold, in fact not be achieved. One thing that seems is that not always small groups that live in harmony, even some hatred marked by hate and conflict. That in the social life there is no primary group that meets perfectly the requirements can be seen from the fact that in society there are norms and social values and more or less coercive, which regulates association of human life. Batih family life is regarded as the main primary groups, the community put the obligations imposed such that parents must care for her child, that child becomes an heir of her parents, the husband who acts as head of the family and so on.
Can be concluded that the conditions and characteristics of primary groups and secondary groups to fill the contents of each other and in fact could not separated absolutely in-depth review if more that turned out to Cooley background description of the primary group is kejengkelanya see development of modern society that increasingly and more influenced by the organizations-organizational cooperation based on the calculation of profit and loss and the more reduced the influence of forms of life together based on love like family, neighborhood and friendship groups.
Community (gemeinschaft) and patembayan (gesselschaft)
The origin of the mind of Charles Horton Cooley's primary group for which the first described, can be refunded at the fruit of much thought in the previously suggested by Ferdinand Tonniestentang community (Gemeinschaft) and patembayan (Gesellschaft). Positive relationships between people are always is Gemeinschaftlicb or Gesellschaftlicb.
Hádala community with the life forms in which its members in kyat by the inner relations are pure and natural and the nature of the community kekal.ajaran Tonnies and patembayan, can be in contrast with the view of a sociologist Emile Durkheim Francis who took the basic division of labor in society. In rural communities, differences in general intelligence less menunjol, so the position of individual members not so important. Society as a whole has a more important position than the individual. State or such structures, by Durkheim called mechanical structure.
By Tonnies said that a community has some basic features, namely:
a.intimate, intimate relationships overall
b.private, personal relationships, which is specific to a few people
c.exclusif, that relationship is just for "us" only and not for other people outside of "us".
According to Tonnies, in every society always be in the encounter one of three types of defense, namely:
a. defense because of blood ties
b. defense because the place
c. defense because the soul mind
Cooley emphasized the importance of the principles of harmony and between individuals know each other. Tonnies more interested in the rules and customs of social groups, so that at in a community, for example, may arise the primary and secondary groups side by side.
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