The Kyoto Protocol set targets and timetables reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Grk), which must be carried out in industrialized countries and countries in transition economies, like Russia, which is 5.2 percent of emissions levels in 1990 with the Grk. These targets must be achieved in 2018-2012.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to operationalize the UNFCCC, adopted in COP-3 in Kyoto, Japan, December 11, 1997 and introduced February 16, 2005. I Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP-I) held in Montreal, Canada, November 28 to December 9, 2005, along with the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP-11). Convention on Climate Change (UNCCC) is one of commitment, in addition to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the Earth Summit or Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. UNFCCC become an international political commitment began March 21, 1994.
UNCCC main goal is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of Grk at a certain level. The level should be achieved within a time frame that allows ecosystems to adapt to climate change, given the certainty of food production is not disrupted, and enable sustainable economic development at the Earth Summit negotiators did not translate these principles into a formulation of legally binding targets to be achieved countries because of U.S. rejection. As a compromise formulated certain obligations, among other industrial countries in Annex I which collectively must reduce emissions 5.2 percent from 1990 emission levels in 2008-2012. They are also obliged to report the activities of technology transfer and financial assistance provided to developing countries.
The Kyoto Protocol has been signed by 175 countries and the UNFCCC was signed by 191 countries. Indonesia ratified the UNFCCC through Law No. 6 / 1994, and signed the Kyoto Protocol on June 29, 1998, and ratified December 3, 2004 through Law No. 17/2004. Countries that have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United States and Australia. However, both the U.S. and Australia are the parties to the COP for both ratified the UNFCCC. U.S. ratified the UNFCCC as George Bush (senior) became president. The election of Kevin Rudd as new prime minister is likely to change the attitude of Australia, but not so with the United States. As stated UNFCCC Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer, the U.S. position will not change because Bush rejected the Kyoto Protocol approach that separates the industrial countries (developed) in Annex I.
Throughout the COP 1 and COP 2 almost no meaningful agreement in Grk emission reduction efforts. COP 3 is certainly a negotiation arena of struggle between countries ANNEX I emit earlier Grk since the industrial revolution in developing countries vulnerable to climate change. Developed countries have an interest that the development in their countries can not escape the energy consumption of the power sector, transportation, and industry. To accommodate the interests of both parties that the Kyoto Protocol is the only international agreement to commit to reduce emissions that regulate Grk about these emissions reductions with a more assertive and are bound by law (legally binding).
In the Kyoto Protocol was agreed that all countries must ANNEX I Grk reduce their emissions an average of 5.2% of such emissions levels in 1990. Year 1990 is set in the Kyoto Protocol as the basic reference (baseline) to calculate emission levels Grk. For NON-ANNEX I countries of the Kyoto Protocol does not require emission reduction Grk, but participation mechanisms for emission reduction are contained in it, the principle known as "shared responsibility with different portions" (common but differentiated responsbility). The Kyoto Protocol set all these provisions during the first commitment period ie from 2008 to 2012.
Several mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol regulating emissions reduction issue Grk, as described below:
1. Joint Implementation (JI), a mechanism that allows developed countries to establish joint projects that can produce reduction credits or emission absorption Grk.
2. Emission Trading (ET), the mechanism that allows a developed country to sell Grk emission reduction credits to other developed countries. ET may be possible when the developed countries that sell emission reduction credits have Grk Grk emission reduction credits exceed the target country.
3. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a mechanism that allows non-ANNEX I (developing countries) to take an active role Grk help decrease emissions through projects implemented by the developed countries. Later Grk emission reduction credits generated from these projects can be owned by these countries. CDM is also intended to allow developing countries to support sustainable development, besides the CDM is the only mechanism by which developing countries can participate in the Kyoto Protocol.
For countries ANNEX I mechanisms of the above is a manifestation of the principle of flexible mechanisms (flexibility mechanisms). Flexible mechanism allowing countries ANNEX I reach their emission reduction targets by 3 mechanisms mentioned above.
There are two main requirements for legal strength of the Kyoto Protocol, the first being at least the protocol must be ratified by 55 countries peratifikasi Climate Change Convention, and the second is the total amount of emissions from these countries protocol ANNEX I peratifikasi least 55% of their total emissions in 1990. On May 23, 2002, Iceland signed the protocol which means that the first condition has been fulfilled. Then on 18 November 2004 Russia finally ratified the Kyoto Protocol and marks the total amount of emissions from Annex I countries for 61.79%, this means that all requirements have been met and the Kyoto Protocol finally legal power 90 days after Russian ratification, namely on 16 February 2005.
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