According to Muss cited by Sarlito Wirawan (Sarlito, 1991: 51) sequence of physical changes are as follows:
In girls:
1. Bone growth (a higher body, limbs become longer).
2. Breast Growth
3. Smooth feathers grow dark in the pubic
4. Achieving growth in the maximum altitude loss per year
5. Pubic hair to be curly
6. Menstrual or menstrual
7. Grow armpit hair
In boys:
1. Bone growth
2. Testes (testicles) enlarge
3. Grow pubic hair smooth, straight, and dark.
4. Early changes in voice.
5. Ejaculation (discharge of semen)
6. Pubic hair to be curly
7. Height growth reached a maximum level each year.
8. Growing up the fine hairs on the face (mustache, beard)
9. Underarm hair grows
10. End inflexion
11. The hair-growing facial hair thick and dark
12. Grow hair on your chest
A. Cause Change
Causes of changes in adolescence are the two glands that become active work in the endocrine system. Pitutari gland located at the base of the brain produced two kinds of hormones that allegedly closely related to changes in adolescence. Both hormones are growth hormone causing changes in body size and hormone gonadotropik or often called the gonad-stimulating hormone stimulate the gonads to begin active work. Not long before the teen starts, both these hormones are being produced and at the time produced more teenagers. The whole process is controlled by changes in the endocrine glands. This gland is activated by the stimulation of the hypothalamus gland that is, the gland is known as the gland to stimulate growth during adolescence and is located in the brain.
Although lymph gland gonad or genital already exists and is active since a birth, but these glands like the new bed and will be active after gonadotropik activated by hormones from the pituitary gland at the time the child enters adolescence. Immediately after genital maturity is reached, it will stop the gonadal hormone growth hormone activity. Thus, the physical growth will be stalled. The right balance is created between the pituitary gland and the gonads cause proper physical development as well. Conversely when there is disruption in this balance, then the growth will occur deviations
During adolescence, the body is going through changes, both on the outside or the inside of the body, either a change of structure or function. In fact almost all parts of the body changes a fixed rhythm, so the time to be expected before it happened. These changes are very apparent in the first part of adolescence
The physical changes are important and which occur in adolescence are:
1. Body Size Changes
Rhythm suddenly becomes rapid growth of about 2 years before the child reaches the sex maturation stage. A year before this maturation, the child will grow up to 10 high 15 cm and weight increased 5 to 10 kg, after this sexual maturation. Subsequent body growth still happening, but the tempo is slightly slower. During 4 years of growth in the child's height will increase and 25 percent of his body weight almost doubled. Boys continue to grow faster than in girls. Growth of boys will reach adult body shape at age 19 to 20 years were for girls at the age of 18 years
2. Body Proportion Change
Characteristics that are less proportional body during adolescence is not the same for the entire body. There is also a growing body part proportional. Unbalanced proportion of this will continue until all completed puberty completely through her body proportions and eventually began to seem fair to the proportions of adults. These changes occur both within and outside the child's body. For example in childhood small heart arteries sedengkan skin less visible. At puberty the opposite happened. On the outside was growing legs and arms longer than the body.
3. Main features of the Gender
In childhood, the primary sexual organs are not yet fully developed. Upon entering adolescence genitals started functioning at the time he was 14 years old, is the first time the boy suffered "mirapi wet" while in girls, ovaries began functioning at the age of 13 years, is the first time I experienced menstrual menutruasi atai . Another part of the breeding tool in girls is still not fully developed, so not able to bear children for a few months or a year. This interval period referred to as "the sterile" of adolescence.
4. Second Sex characteristics
What is meant by the second sex characteristics in girls is growing breasts and nipples mencuatnya. Wide hips wider than shoulder width, grew hair around the genitals, grow hair in the armpits, and the voice grew louder. Are characteristic of both sexes in male children is to grow a mustache and beard, the muscles begin to appear, wide shoulders wider than hips, bigger voice, Adam's apple growing, growing underarm hair, chest hair, and fur around the genitals and the change network become more rough skin and enlarged pores.
Sexual characteristics that distinguish these two physical forms of men and women. These same characteristics are often the attraction of data between the sexes. Growth goes hand in hand with the development of primary sexual characteristics, and both will reach the level of maturity in the first year or second year of adolescence.
Physical changes during adolescence include two things, namely:
a. Growth acceleration
Period and the growth process is not the same for all adolescents. Many individual factors influence the course of this growth, so that both the beginning and end of the process happens differently.
At the start of the growth starting point is usually not much different, but the rate of growth of each individual to be very different according to the rhythm of each, so individual differences on the growth of the early differences seen in the rapid acceleration and growth.
1) For the teenage boys beginning of accelerated growth and vary between 10.5 years and 16 years
2) For young women, began a growth spurt between the age of 7.5 years and 11.5 years with an average age of 10.5 years. Increase the physical size of the peak is reached at the age of 12 years, ie approximately 6-11 cm in one year increases
b. The process of sexual maturity
Although sexual maturity take place within certain limits and certain sequence features in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, but the sexual maturity of young children to walk individually, so only possible to give the average size and distribution only.
There are three criteria that distinguish the boys from the girls, namely in terms of:
1) The criteria of sexual maturity
The criteria of sexual maturity was more obvious in girls than in boys. Menarche or first menstruation is used as marking the beginning of puberty. After that still needed one to one and a half years before the child she can really mature to reproduce
Menarche is a good measure because it determines one of the characteristics of sexual maturity of the principal, namely the disposition to conception (pregnancy) and childbirth. Besides that menarche is a clear manifestation, although at first there is still a little bleeding
These criteria are not clear as there is in boys. In connection with the ejaculate (release semen) in men permulaanya still very little, so it is unclear. Acceleration of growth is often used as a criterion determining the starting point of adolescence, because the discovery of a correlation between the acceleration of growth with the emergence of signs of secondary and primary sex.
2) The beginning of sexual maturity
The beginning of sexual maturity in girls approximately 2 years earlier at the start of the boys. Menarche was a sign of the beginning of sexual maturity and occurs around the age of 13 years with a normal distribution between 10 and 16.5 years, so about a year after it passes the peak acceleration of growth.
In the boys just happen to live spermatozoa production for about one year after the peak acceleration of growth (approximately age 14 years) but the first ejaculate (first dream) ahead of the peak acceleration of development, but in a new semen there is little sperm.
3) The order of the symptoms of maturity
At maturity the girl begins with a sign with his secondary sex breasts (breast) that looked and the little nipple sticking out. This occurred at the age between 8 and 13 years. New on studium later, before menarche, the surrounding connective tissue begin to grow until the breasts begin to acquire the adult form. A new breast gland during pregnancy reaction with a swelling while milk production occurs in late pregnancy. This is due to physiological reactions that cause changes in sex organs internally in the frontal lobe hipofise
In boys, sexual maturity begins with the growth of the testes which begins between ages 9.5 and 13.5 years and ended between 13.5 and 17 years. At the age of approximately 15 - 16 years, the boys and girls the base of his throat (Adam's apple) begin to enlarge which causes the vocal cords become longer. Boys have it more. Changes in the vocal cords had menyababkan girls get a higher sound and louder, while the sound boy turn into a little heavy. Because of rapid growth that precedes anotomu adjustment nerves (nerves can not match) then timbulllah circumstances unique to the boys: high voice of a heavier sound. Just as the growth of limbs, then the situation is only temporary, but the time was enough to give a reason for trustrasi because did not want to obey the voice of the speaker (Monks, 1984: 288)
With the growth of body weight and body length, was the strength also increases. This was more evident in boys than girls. In girls weight growth largely due to the growth of fat that makes the typical body shape of women. Furthermore, weight gain at this time also caused by the growth of skeleton (hip enlargement) and only a small part caused by the strong growth due to the veins meat.
The boy's weight as well as the growth framework, the growth and strengthening tendons and muscles is also an important cause. Together with the acceleration of growth in young boys there was a growth spurt which reached its peak strength in general about 15 - 16 years. Ie after the peak acceleration of the growth attained earlier. Meat veins grow together with the framework but if the framework of achieving its growth tops the meat through the strengthening of (enlargement) is mainly caused previous berperiode can actually weaken the body.
c. The proportion of body diversity changes
Although there was no previous order and in terms of changes in body proportions, it changes itself shows diversity.
As a child, their body shape is not too subtle difference, but at the end of the right's childhood, when I started entering the stage of adolescence, the body shape differences between boys and girls are increasingly clear. Young men tend to shape mesomorf (tends to be a stocky boy, weight, and triangle), while girls if not endomorf (likely to become obese and weight) will show characteristic ektomorf (tends to thin and long bones
Yet the group boys and girls are also differences that can not be said to be always exactly the same. In the group of boys may have a shape that shows ektomorf or endomorf and vice versa on a girl whose body was shaped mesomorf.
As mentioned earlier, during adolescence is the whole body is going through changes, both on the outside or the inside of the body, both in structure and in function. Almost for all parts, it changes the time schedule that can be expected
So, if the endocrine system to function properly, it will show a normal body size as well. Conversely if the child has growth hormone deficiency, it will be small as dwarfs, while the excess of growth hormone to grow so large that does not match the child's age
Other conditions that affect the physical growth of children anatara are:
1) The influence of family
The influence of family factors here include genetic or environmental factors. Because of hereditary factors, a child may be higher or longer than the other children so he is more weight, if the father and mother or the high and long kakenya. Environmental factors will help determine whether or not attained the realization of the potential offspring carried the child. At each stage of age, more environmental impact than the body weight to height body.
2) Influence of Nutrition
Children who get enough nutrition will usually higher body and a little more quickly reach the level of teenagers compared with those who earn less nutrition. Environment can have an impact on teenagers in such a way that inhibit or accelerate the potential for growth in adolescence.
3) Emotional Disturbance
Children who are too often experience emotional disturbance will cause the formation of excessive adrenal steroids, and this will take effect reduced the formation dikelenjar pituitary growth hormone. If there is such a case, the beginning of adolescence stunted growth and weight is not achieved they should be.
4) Gender
Boys tend to be taller and heavier than girls. Except at the age between 12 and 15 years. Usually girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys. Occurrence of differences in body weight and height because of bone and muscle in boys differ from girls
5) Socio-Economic Status
The children who come from families with low socioeconomic status, tend to be smaller than the children who come from a socio-economic status of high.
6) Health
Children who are healthy and rarely Popp, usually will have more body weight than children who are often sick.
7) The influence of body shape
Build / Bentu body, whether mesamorf, ektomorf, or endomorf, will affect the child's body size. For example children who woke up mesomorf body will be greater than that endomorf or ektomorf children, because they are more plump and heavy.
Psychological changes emerged among others as a result of physical changes. Among the physical changes, the biggest influence on adolescent mental development is the growth of the body (the body becomes more length and height), started functioning reproductive equipment (marked with menstruation in women and the first dream in men) and the signs both sexes are grown.
Physical changes that cause awkwardness of a teenager because he had to adjust to the changes that happen to himself. Growth of such a striking body, or rapid breast enlargement, making teenagers feel alienated from her friends.
Physical changes are almost always in the barengi with changes in behavior and attitudes. This situation is often a little worse for the attitudes of different people around him and his own behavior in response to physical changes.
In adolescence, the change is striking and clearly so that it can disrupt the balance that previously had formed. Their behavior suddenly became unpredictable and often somewhat against the prevailing social norms. Therefore, this period is often called the "negative time" when the rhythm was slightly slower growth and change have been the perfect body, there will be balance again.
d. Relations Between Emotion and Behavior and the influence of emotions on Behavior
Fear or anger can cause a person to tremble. In fear, the mouth becomes dry, rapid heart beat / pulse, pouring blood flow / blood pressure, digestive system may change during the appearance of emotion. Digestive juices / sap gastric affected by emotional disturbances. Pleasant emotional state and relaxation serve as auxiliaries to digest, while feeling bad or depressed inhibit / interfere with digestion.
Among rangasangan the increased activity of the lymph gland secretion of the stomach are fears chronic. Excessive excitement, anxieties, fears and anxiety-all this led to decreased activities of the digestive system and sometimes cause constipation. The only effective remedy is to eliminate the cause of the emotional stress. Perdangan in the abdomen / stomach, diarrhea and constipation are conditions known for the occurrence of disorders associated with emotion. Inflammation can not be cured as well as diarrhea or constipation if the factors that led to the emergence of emotions is not removed. Normal emotional state is very beneficial for health, therefore excessive excitement fear or anxiety should be avoided. Someone who is not easily tergentung emotions tend to have good digestion.
Emotional disorders can also cause difficulty speaking. Constraints in particular has talked diketemulan that are not caused by abnormalities in the organ talk. Emotional tension for a long time may cause a person to stutter. A stutter is often relatively normal in the talk. If they are in a relaxed or happy. When he is confronted with situations that cause him confusion, can occur it will show abnormalities in the talk. Many situations that arise in a school or group that can cause a person to not tanang.
The attitudes of fear, at first, or aggressive may be a result of emotional stress or frustration and can occur in the presence of certain individuals or siatuasi-specific situations, precisely because we react differently to each person we meet, then if we respond with a very special way to hadinya certain individuals will stimulate the emergence of a particular emotion.
A student does not like his teacher rather than because of personal teachers, but can be caused by something that happens to children in connection with classroom situations. If he felt ashamed because they failed to memorize the material in front of the classroom, on other occasions he might be afraid to participate in the activities of memorization. As a result he may decide to play truant, or maybe he is doing even worse is running away from it all, from their parents, teachers, or from other authorities. Emotional suffering and frustration affect the effectiveness of learning. Effective factors in influencing an individual's experience and breadth of what is learned. An ana schools will learn more effectively when he is motivated, because he felt the need to learn. Once this is on him, then he will develop his efforts to master the material studied. If you have a good sense of accomplishment at having, this would reduce the sense of fatigue aan.
Motivation to learn will help individuals in focusing on what he was doing and the way that means he will get satisfaction. Reaction of each student because they are not the same, to learn which stimulus should be given different and adapted to the child's condition. Thus, stimuli that produce an unpleasant feeling, will greatly affect the results of learning and also demiian stimulation produces a pleasant feeling to facilitate students' learning
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